Studienlage

Fachgebiete & Mechanismen von Mumijo

Inhalte

Die folgende Übersicht dokumentiert den aktuellen internationalen Forschungsstand zum Naturkomplex Mumijo (Shilajit). Die aufgeführten Primärquellen, Patente und Reviews sind nach biologischen und medizinischen Fachgebieten kategorisiert, um Ihnen eine gezielte Recherche zu den bisher wissenschaftlich untersuchten Indikationen und Mechanismen zu erleichtern.

1. Orthopädie: Knochenregeneration & Muskelgewebe

  • Sadeghi SMH, Hosseini Khameneh SM, Khodadoost M, et al. Efficacy of Momiai in Tibia Fracture Repair: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, N.Y.). 2020 Jun;26(6):521-528. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0453. PMID: 32310691.

  • Das A, Datta S, Rhea B, Sinha M, Veeraragavan M, Gordillo G, Roy S. The Human Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome in Response to Oral Shilajit Supplementation. J Med Food. 2016 Jul;19(7):701-9. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0010. PMID: 27414521; PMCID: PMC4948208.

  • Rezvani-Pour M, Khatibi H. Effects of Mummy on the fracture healing in rabbit dispatching. J Kerman Univ Med Sci. 2007;14(4):267–77.

  • „MUMIE“ ON BONE REGENERATION AND BLOOD ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN EXPERIMENTAL FRACTURES OF THE TUBULAR BONES. Ortop Travmatol Protez. 1965 May;26:24-7. Russian. PMID: 14348079.

  • Tazhimametov BT, Usmanov MU, Dzhuraev KhA, Sharipov NI, Zul’fikarov Kh, utskiĭ VV, Grachev IR. Reparative regeneration of the bone tissue under the effect of mumie-asyl. Ortop Travmatol Protez.

  • Kel’ginbaev NS, Sorokina VA, Stefanidu AG, Ismailova VN. Treatment of long tubular bone fractures with Mumie Assil preparations in experiments.

  • Cho-Rok Jung, Igor A. Schepetkin, Sang B. Woo, Andrei I. Khlebnikov, Byoung S. Kwon. Osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by mumie extract. Drug Development Research (Nov 2002). Volume 57, Issue 3, Pages 122 – 133.

2. Immunologie: Infektabwehr & Immunsystem

  • S. Ghosal, J. Lal, S. K. Singh et al., “Mast cell protecting effects of shilajit and its constituents,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 249–252, 1989.

  • Zhernov YV, Konstantinov AI, Zherebker A, Nikolaev E, Orlov A, Savinykh MI, Kornilaeva GV, Karamov EV, Perminova IV. Antiviral activity of natural humic substances and shilajit materials against HIV-1: Relation to structure. Environ Res. 2020 Oct 14:110312. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110312. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33065073; PMCID: PMC7554000.

  • Cagno V, Donalisio M, Civra A, Cagliero C, Rubiolo P, Lembo D. In vitro evaluation of the antiviral properties of Shilajit and investigation of its mechanisms of action. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015 May 26;166:129-34. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.019. Epub 2015 Mar 16. PMID: 25792012.

  • GHOSAL SHIBNATH. Polyherbal compositions and methods for treating viral infections. United States Patent Appl. Publ. within the TVPP US20050038557. 19 Jan 2005.

  • Eladl AH, Mosad SM, El-Shafei RA, et al. Immunostimulant effect of a mixed herbal extract on infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccinated chickens in the context of a co-infection model of avian influenza virus H9N2 and IBDV. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2020 Oct;72:101505. DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101505. PMID: 32563798.

  • Ghosal, S., Bhaumik, s. and Chattopadhyay, S. (1995a). Shilajit induced morphometric and functional changes in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Phytother. Res. 9, 194-198.

  • Shibata, H., Fujiwara, R. and Matsuoka, H. (1992). Restoration of immune function by olfactory stimulation by fragrance, In: Psychoneuroimmunology, eds. Schmoll, H.J. and Plotnikoff, N.P., Hogrefe & Huber Pub., Lewiston, Ny., PP. 161-171.

  • Shalini and R. Srivastava, “Antifungal activity screening and hplc analysis of crude extract from Tectona grandis, shilajit, Valeriana wallachi,” Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 218–229, 2009.

  • Agzamov RA, Arifkhanova SI, Vakhidova GA. Mumie as a pathogenetic agent in the treatment of tuberculosis. Probl Tuberk. 1988 ;( 7):49-52 102 30.

3. Gastroenterologie: Magen-Darm-Schutz & Schmerztherapie

  • Malekzadeh G, Dashti-Rahmatabadi MH, Zanbagh S, Akhavi Mirab-bashii A. Mumijo attenuates chemically induced inflammatory pain in mice. Altern Ther Health Med. 2015 Mar-Apr;21(2):42-7. PMID: 25830280.

  • Stohs SJ. Safety and efficacy of shilajit (mumie, moomiyo). Phytother Res. 2014 Apr;28(4):475-9. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5018. Epub 2013 Jun 3. PMID: 23733436.

  • Shahrokhi N, Keshavarzi Z, Khaksari M. Ulcer healing activity of Mumijo aqueous extract against acetic acid induced gastric ulcer in rats. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2015 Jan-Mar;7(1):56-9. doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.148739. PMID: 25709338; PMCID: PMC4333629.

  • Tiwari, P., Ramarao, P., Ghosal, S. (2001). Effects of shilajit on the development of tolerance to morphine in mice. Phytother Res. 15, 177-179.

  • Winkler J, Ghosh S. Therapeutic Potential of Fulvic Acid in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Sep 10;2018:5391014. doi: 10.1155/2018/5391014. PMID: 30276216; PMCID: PMC6151376.

  • Shahrokhi N, Keshavarzi Z, Khaksari Haddad M, Amirafzali F, Dabiri S, Shahrokhi N. Protective effect of Mumiju against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2018 Sep-Oct;8(5):457-464. PMID: 30345233; PMCID: PMC6190247.

  • Guzman-Martinez L, Maccioni RB, Andrade V, Navarrete LP, Pastor MG, Ramos-Escobar N. Neuroinflammation as a Common Feature of Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10 1008. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01008. PMID: 31572186; PMCID: PMC6751310.

  • Goel RK, Banerjee RS, Acharya SB. Antiulcerogenic and antiinflammatory studies with shilajit. J Ethnopharmacol. 1990 Apr;29(1) 95-103. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(90)90102-y. PMID: 2345464.

  • Shahjahan M, Islam I. Preliminary evaluation of shilajit as a suspending agent in antacid suspensions. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 1998 Nov;24(11):1109-1112. DOI: 10.3109/03639049809089957. PMID: 9876568.

  • Ghosal S, Singh SK, Srivastava RS. Shilajit part 2. Biphenyl metabolites from Trifolium repen. J Chem Res. 1988b; 196: 165–166.

  • S. Ghosal, S. K. Singh, Y. Kumar et al., “Shilajit. 3. Antiulcerogenic of fulvic acids and 4-methoxy-6-carbomethoxybiphenyl isolated from shilaji,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 187–191, 1888.

4. Dermatologie: Geweberegeneration & Wundheilung

  • Moghadari M, Rezvanipour M, Mehrabani M, Ahmadinejad M, Tajadini H, Hashempur MH. Efficacy of mummy on healing of pressure ulcers: A randomized controlled clinical trial on hospitalized patients in intensive care unit. Electron Physician. 2018 Jan 25;10(1):6140-6147. doi: 10.19082/6140. PMID: 29588812; PMCID: PMC5853986.

  • Azeri A, Khyrandysh R, Srdarmhny V, Salary A. The effect of mummy on healing skin lesions in rabbits. Journal of Sabzevar University Of Medicine. 2011;18(3):158–65.

  • Shakirov DSh. Lechenie infitsirovannykh ran mumie asil‘ v éksperimente [Experimental treatment of infected wounds with mumie asil‘]. Eksp Khir Anesteziol. 1969 Nov-Dec;14(6):36-9. Russian. PMID: 5385791.

  • Muratova KhN, Shakirov DSh. Lechenie gnoĭnykh ran mumie asil‘ v klinike [Clinical treatment of suppurative wounds with mumie]. Khirurgiia (Mosk). 1968 Sep;44(9):122-4. Russian. PMID: 5744991.

  • Tazhimametov BT, Usmanov MU, Dzhuraev KhA, Sharipov NI, Zul’fikarov Kh. Deĭstvie mumie na zazhivlenie gnoĭnykh ran [Effect of mumie on the healing of suppurative wounds]. Klin Khir. 1987;(1):51-2. Russian. PMID: 3560681.

  • Rezvanipour M, Pourzadehhosseini F, Malekpour R, Zarabi A. The Effect of Mummy on Some Indices of Wound Healing in Mice. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences. 2007;14(4):267–77.

  • Gardner SE, Frantz RA, Berguist S, Shin CD. A prospective study of the pressure ulcer scale for healing. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60(1):93–7. doi: 10.1093/gerona/60.1.93.

  • Tavakoli MA, Khaksari MH, Asar SK. Comparison of using topical mummy and phenytoin creams on skin wound healing of rats. J babol University Med Sci. 2003;5(2):7–13.

  • Shakirov DSh. Experimental treatment of infected wounds with mumie asil. Eksp Khir Anestezi.

5. Zellenergie & Vitalität (Traditionelle Rasayana-Forschung)

  • Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Pushpangadan P. Antioxidant approach to disease management and the role of ‚Rasayana‘ herbs of Ayurveda. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Jun 3;99(2):165-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.035. Epub 2005 Apr 26. PMID: 15894123.

  • Ghosal, S., Mukhopadhyay, B. and Bhattacharya, S.K. (2000). Shilajit, a rasayan of Indian traditional medicine, In: Molecular Aspects of Asian Medicines, Ch. XI, eds. Mori, A. and Satoh, T., PID Publications Ltd., Westbury N.Y., PP. 425-444.

  • Ghosal, S., Mukhopadhyay, B. and Muruganandam, A.V. (1996a). Ayurvedic herbo-mineral vitalizers: ancient and modern perspectives. Indian J. Indg. Med. 17, 1-12.

  • Ghosal, S., Muruganandam, A.V., Mukhopadhyay, B. and Bhattacharya, S.K. (1997b). Humus, the epitome of Ayurvedic makshika. Indian J. Chem. 36B, 596-604.

  • Mahdihassan, S. (1991). Indian Alchemy or Rasayana, 2nd Edn., Motilal Banarasidas Publishers, Jawaharnagar, Delhi, 1-147.

  • Ghosal, S. (1992b). The saga of shiljait, Proceedings of 2nd Indo-Korean Symposium on natural products, Seoul, Korea, (Plenary lecture), PP. 1-12.

  • Ghosal S. 2006. Biological effects of shilajit. In „Shilajit in perspective“, Ghosal S. (ed.). Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 132–156.

  • P. Mittal, D. Kaushik, V. Gupta, P. Bansal, and S. Khokra, “Therapeutic potencial of “Shilajit Rasayana”—A Review,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 47–49, 2009.

  • Bhattacharyya, S. & Pal, Devesh & Banerjee, D. & Auddy, B. & Gupta, Amartya & Ganguly, Partha & Majumber, U.K. & Ghosal, S. (2009): Shilajit dibenzo-α-pyrones: Mitochondria targeted antioxidants. Pharmacologyonline. 2. 690–698.

6. Geologie & Naturheilkundlicher Ursprung

  • Lal VK, Panday KK, Kapoor ML. Literary support to the vegetable origin of shilajit. Ancient Science of Life. 1988 Jan;7(3-4):145-148. PMID: 22557605; PMCID: PMC3336633.

  • Ghosal, S. (1989). The facets and facts of shilajit. In: Research & Development of Indigenous Drugs, eds. Dandiya, P.C. and Vohora, S.B., Institute of History of Medicine.

  • Ghosal, S. (1993). Shilajit: Its origin and vital significance, In: Traditional Medicine, ed. by B. Mukherjee, Oxford -IBH, New Delhi, PP. 308-319.

  • Ghosal, S. (1992a). Shilajit: its origin and significance in living matter. Indian J. Indg. Med. 9, 1-3.

  • Ghosal S. Shilajit: Its origin and vital significance. In: B. Mukherjee, Editor, Traditional Medicine, Oxford – IBH, New Delhi 1993; 308–319.

  • Srivastava RS, Kumar Y, Singh SK, Ghosal S. Shilajit, its source and active principles. Proc 16 IUPAC (Chemistry of Natural Products). Kyoto Japan. 1988; 524.

  • Ghosal,S.(2017). Shilajit Divyarasayan, published by N.K.Mehra for Narosa Publishing House Daryanganj, New Delhi.

  • Zhao MM, Gu R, Fan JY, Zeng Y, Cao Y, Wang WQ, Zhong SH, Mi P. [Research progress of Tibetan medicine „Zha-xun“]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2018 Apr;43(8):1554-1562. Chinese. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20180122.001. PMID: 29751700.

  • Ding R, Zhao M, Fan J, Hu X, Wang M, Zhong S, Gu R. Mechanisms of generation and exudation of Tibetan medicine Shilajit (Zhaxun). Chin Med. 2020 Jun 29;15:65. doi: 10.1186/s13020-020-00343-9. PMID: 32612671; PMCID: PMC7322889.

  • Fan JY, Ding R, Zhao MM, Wang M, Gu R, Zhong SH. [Geological distribution of exudation and storage area of Tibetan medicine Zha-xun in Sichuan province based on GIS]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2020 Aug;45(15):3631-3641. Chinese. doi: 10.19540/j.cnki.cjcmm.20200527.103. PMID: 32893552.

  • Ghosal, S. (2002a). Process for preparing purified Shilajit, composition from native shilajit. US Patent: 6, 440, 436, p.1-14.

  • Joshi GG, Tewari KC, Pande NK, Pande G. Bryophyte, the source of the origin of Shilajit – a new hypothesis. B M E B R 1994; 15: 106–111.

7. Endokrinologie: Hormonhaushalt & Reproduktion

  • Park JS, Kim GY, Han K. The spermatogenic and ovogenic effects of chronically administered Shilajit to rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006 Oct;107(3):349-353. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.03.039. PMID: 16698205.

  • Pandit S, Biswas S, Jana U, et al. Clinical evaluation of purified Shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers. Andrologia. 2016 Jun;48(5):570-575. DOI: 10.1111/and.12482. PMID: 26395129.

  • Kalra G, Kamath R, Subramanyam A, Shah H. Psychosocial profile of male patients presenting with sexual dysfunction in a psychiatric outpatient department in Mumbai, India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2015 Jan-Mar;57(1):51-58. DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.148522. PMID: 25657457; PMCID: PMC4314917.

  • Noh S, Go A, Kim DB, et al. Role of Antioxidant Natural Products in Management of Infertility: A Review of Their Medicinal Potential. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland). 2020 Oct;9(10):E957. DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100957. PMID: 33036328; PMCID: PMC7600260.

  • Shirani M, Saneei P, Nouri M, et al. Associations of Major Dietary Patterns and Dietary Diversity Score with Semen Parameters: A Cross-Sectional Study in Iranian Infertile Men. International Journal of Fertility & Sterility. 2020 Oct;14(3):185-192. DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2020.6196. PMID: 33098384; PMCID: PMC7604709.

  • Kececi M, Akpolat M, Gulle K, Gencer E, Sahbaz A: Evaluation of preventive effect of shilajit on radiation-induced apoptosis on ovaries. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016 Jun;293(6) 1255–1262. Doi:10.1007/s00404-015-3924-6. PMID: 26530234.

  • Jeong-Sook Park, Gee-Young Kim, Kun Han. The spermatogenic and ovogenic effects of chronically administered Shilajit to rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2006; 107: 349-353.

  • Clemesha CG, Thaker H, Samplaski MK. ‚Testosterone Boosting‘ Supplements Composition and Claims Are not Supported by the Academic Literature. The World Journal of Men’s Health. 2020 Jan;38(1):115-122. DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.190043. PMID: 31385468; PMCID: PMC6920068.

8. Metabolismus: Stoffwechselprozesse & Gewichtsmanagement

  • Sharma P, Jha J, Shrinivas V, Dwivedi LK, Suresh P, Sinha M. Shilajit: evalution of its effects on blood chemistry of normal human subjects. Anc Sci Life. 2003 Oct;23(2) 114-119. PMID: 22557121; PMCID: PMC3330960.

  • Hirsh SP, Pons M, Joyal SV, Swick AG. Avoiding holiday seasonal weight gain with nutrient-supported intermittent energy restriction: a pilot study. J Nutr Sci. 2019;8 e11. doi:10.1017/jns.2019.8. PMID: 30931109; PMCID: PMC6436006.

  • Taghavi H, Soleimani Rad J, Mehdipour A, Ferdosi Khosroshahi A, Kheirjou R, Hasanpour M, Roshangar L. Effect of Mineral Pitch on the Proliferation of Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells on Acellular Scaffold. Adv Pharm Bull. 2020 Sep;10(4) 623-629. doi:10.34172/apb.2020.075. PMID: 33072541; PMCID: PMC7539320.

  • Gyawali D, Schneider RH, Orme‐Johnson DW, Ramaratnam S. Ayurvedic herbal preparations for hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar;2019(3). PMCID: PMC6417910.

  • Ghezelbash B, Shahrokhi N, Khaksari M, Ghaderi-Pakdel F, Asadikaram G. Hepatoprotective effects of Shilajit on high fat-diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig. 2020 Feb;41(1). doi:10.1515/hmbci-2019-0040. PMID: 32083445.

  • Singh L, Joshi T, Tewari D, Echeverría J, Mocan A, Sah AN, Parvanov E, Tzvetkov NT, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Poznański P, Huminiecki L, Sacharczuk M, Jóźwik A, Horbańczuk JO, Feder-Kubis J, Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological Applications Targeting Alcohol Abuse: Overview and Outlook. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10 1593. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.01593. PMID: 32116660; PMCID: PMC7034411.

  • Pingali U, Nutalapati C, Illendulla VS. Evaluation of the Effect of Fish Oil Alone and in Combination with a Proprietary Chromium Complex on Endothelial Dysfunction, Systemic Inflammation and Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus – A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13 31-42. doi:10.2147/dmso.s220046. PMID: 32021349; PMCID: PMC6954851.

9. Oxidativer Stress & Antioxidative Kapazität

  • Halliwell, B. and Gutteridge, JM.C. (1999). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Oxford University Press, U.K. 3rd Edn.

  • Ghosal, S. and Bhattacharya, S.K. (1996). Antioxidant defense by native and processed shilajit – a comparative study. Indian J. Chem. 35B, 127-132.

  • Ghosal, S. (2000d). Natural antioxidant compositions, method for obtaining same and cosmetic, pharmaceutical and nutritional formulation thereof. US Patent No. 6, 124, 268, Pp.1-14.

  • Jafari M, Forootanfar H, Ameri A, Foroutanfar A, Adeli-Sardou M, Rahimi HR, Najafi A, Zangiabadi N, Shakibaie M. Antioxidant, cytotoxic and hyperalgesia-suppressing activity of a native Shilajit obtained from Bahr Aseman mountains. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019 Sep;32(5) 2167-2173. PMID: 31813884.

  • S. Ghosal, S. Lata, Y. Kumar, B. Gaur, and N. Misra, “Interaction of shilajit with biogenic free radicals,” Indian Journal of Chemistry B, vol. 34, pp. 596–602, 1995.

  • S. K. Bhattacharya and A. P. Sen, “Effects of shilajit on biogenic free radicals,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 56–59, 1995.

  • C. Wang, Z. Wang, A. Peng, J. Hou, and W. Xin, “Interaction between fulvic acids of different origins and active oxygen radicals,” Science in China, Series C, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 267–275, 1996.

  • Ghosal S, Lata S, Kumar Y, Gaur B, Misra N. Interaction of Shilajit with biogenic free radicals. Indian J Chem. 1995b; 34b: 596–602.

  • Antioxidant defense by native and processed Shilajit – A comparative study. Indian Journal of Chemistry. Vol. 35B, Feb 1996, pg. 127-132.

  • Govindarajan R, Vijayakumar M, Pushpangadan P. Antioxidant approach to disease management and the role of ‘Rasayana’ herbs of Ayurveda. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2005; 99: 165–178.

  • Tripathi YB, Shukla S, Chaturvedi S. Antilipidperoxidative property of Shilajit. Phytotherapy Res. 1996; 10(3): 269-273.

10. Kardiologie: Herz-Kreislauf-System

  • Joukar S, Najafipour H, Dabiri S, Sheibani M, Sharokhi N. Cardioprotective effect of mumie (shilajit) on experimentally induced myocardial injury. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2014 Sep;14(3):214-21. doi: 10.1007/s12012-014-9245-3. PMID: 24448712.

11. Energiestoffwechsel & Chronische Müdigkeit (Fatigue)

  • Surapaneni DK, Adapa SR, Preeti K, Teja GR, Veeraragavan M, Krishnamurthy S. Shilajit attenuates behavioral symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome by modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and mitochondrial bioenergetics in rats. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Aug;143(1) 91-99. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.06.002. PMID: 22771318.

  • Keller JL, Housh TJ, Hill EC, Smith CM, Schmidt RJ, Johnson GO. The effects of Shilajit supplementation on fatigue-induced decreases in muscular strength and serum hydroxyproline levels. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Feb 6;16(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12970-019-0270-2. PMID: 30728074; PMCID: PMC6364418.

12. Onkologie: Grundlagen der Zellforschung

  • Pant K, Gupta P, Damania P, Yadav AK, Gupta A, Ashraf A, Venugopal SK. Mineral pitch induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation via modulating reactive oxygen species in hepatic cancer cells. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2016 May 27;16:148. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1131-z. PMID: 27233240; PMCID: PMC4882837.

13. Neurologie: Kognitive Funktionen & Demenzforschung

  • Schliebs R, Liebmann A, Bhattacharya SK, Kumar A, Ghosal S, Bigl V. Systemic administration of defined extracts from Withania somnifera (Indian Ginseng) and Shilajit differentially affects cholinergic but not glutamatergic and GABAergic markers in rat brain. Neurochem Int. 1997 Feb;30(2):181-90. doi: 10.1016/s0197-0186(96)00025-3. PMID: 9017665.

  • Maccioni, B.R., Quinones Sepulveda Luis, Saavedra Saavedra Ivan, Sandoval Salas Ricardo. Nutraceutical composition that comprises extract of shilajit, folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 and the use thereof for preventing and/or treating neurodegenerative diseases and/or the cognitive deterioration associated with cerebral ageing. World Intellectual Property Organization Publ. of the Int. Appl. without Int. search REP. WO2010CL00043. 08 Oct 2010.

  • Carrasco-Gallardo C, Guzmán L, Maccioni RB. Shilajit: a natural phytocomplex with potential procognitive activity. International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease. 2012;2012:674142. DOI: 10.1155/2012/674142. PMID: 22482077; PMCID: PMC3296184.

  • Calfio C, Gonzalez A, Singh SK, Rojo LE, Maccioni RB. The Emerging Role of Nutraceuticals and Phytochemicals in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease : JAD. 2020;77(1):33-51. DOI: 10.3233/jad-200443. PMID: 32651325.

  • A. Cornejo, J. M. Jiménez, L. Caballero, F. Melo, and R. B. Maccioni, “Fulvic acid inhibits aggregation and promotes disassembly of tau fibfrotanrils associated with alzheimer’s disease,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 143–153, 2011.

  • A. K. Jaiswal and S. K. Bhattacharya, “Effects of shilajit on memory, anxiety and brain monoamines in rats,” Indian Journal of Pharmacology, vol. 24, pp. 12–17, 1992.

14. Antiepileptische & Antipsychotische Aktivität

  • Durg S, Veerapur VP, Thippeswamy BS, Ahamed SM. Antiepileptic and antipsychotic activities of standardized Śilājatu (Shilajit) in experimental animals. Anc Sci Life. 2015 Oct-Dec;35(2) 110-117. doi:10.4103/0257-7941.171675. PMID: 26865744; PMCID: PMC4728862.

15. Biochemische Zusammensetzung & Chemie von Mumijo

  • Ghosal S, Reddy JP, Lal VK. Shilajit I: chemical constituents. J Pharm Sci. 1976 May;65(5):772-3. doi: 10.1002/jps.2600650545. PMID: 932958.

  • Ghosal S, Lal J, Singh SK. The core structure of Shilajit humus. Soil Biol Biochem 1991a; 23: 673–680.

  • Aiken, G.R., McNight, D.M., Wershaw, R.L. and McCarthy, P. (1985). Humic Substances in Soil, Sediment and Water, Wiley-Interscience, N.Y. PP. 48-86.

  • Biswas, A.K. and Biswas, S. (1994). Minerals and Metals in Ancient India, Vol. 2, D.K. Printworld, New Delhi.

  • Shakir, N., Salim, M., Bhatty M.K. and Karimullah. (1965). Studies on „Shilajit“ (Asphalt) Part-I, Pakistan J. Sc & Industr Res., 28-30.

  • Ghosal, S. (2004b). Oxygenated dibenzo-a-pyrone chromoproteins. US Patent pending, No. 10/824, 271.

  • Kong, Y.C., But, PPH., Ng, K.H., Cheng, K.E and Malla, S.B. (1987). Chemical studies on a Nepalese panacea; Shilajit, Int. J. Crude Drug Res. 25, 179-183.

  • Warren, EL and Walting, K. (1956). The structural difference between enphol and tirucallol. Chemistry & Industry (London), 24-25.

  • Ghosal, S., Lal, J., Singh, S.K., Kumar, Y. and Soti, F. (1989a). Chemistry of two bioactive benzopyrone metabolites from Shilajit, J. Chem. Res. (S) 350-351.

  • Ghosal, S., Lal, J., Singh, S.K., Goel, R.K., Jaiswal, A.K. and Bhattacharya, S.K. (1991b). The need for formulation of Shilajit by its isolated active constitutents, Phytother. Res. 5, 211-216.

  • Agarwal SP, Khanna R, Karmarkar R, Anwer MK, Khar RK. Physico-chemical, spectral and thermal characterization of Shilajit, a humic substance with medicinal properties, Asian Journal of Chemistry 2008; 20:209–217.

  • Kiren Y, Nugroho AE, Hirasawa Y, Shirota O, Bekenova M, Narbekovich NO, Shapilova M, Maeno H, Morita H: Mumic acids A-E: new diterpenoids from mumiyo. J Nat Med. 2014 Jan;68(1) 199-205. doi:10.1007/s11418-013-0771-2. PMID: 23609027; PMCID: PMC4353885.

16. Geruchsprinzipien & Aromastoffe

  • Ghosal, S. (1994a). The aroma principles of Gomutra and Karpurgandha Shilajit, Indian J. Indg. Med., 11, 11-14. / Ghosal, S. (1994b). Shilajit odour: Part 2. Its origin and chemical character: J. Indian Chem. Soc., 71, 323-327.

  • Ghosal, S., Kawanishi, K. and Saiki, K. (1995b). Shilajit odour. Part 3. The chemistry of shilajit odour. Indian J. Chem. 34B, 40-44.

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  • Cain, W.S. (1980). In: Olfaction and Taste, ed. by H.V Starre, Vol. VII, IRL Press, Switzerland. pp. 347-358.

17. Huminsäuren & Fulvinsäuren

  • Pant K, Yadav AK, Gupta P, Rathore AS, Nayak B, Venugopal SK. Humic acid inhibits HBV-induced autophagosome formation and induces apoptosis in HBV-transfected Hep G2 cells. Sci Rep. 2016 Oct 6;6:34496. doi: 10.1038/srep34496. PMID: 27708347; PMCID: PMC5052648.

  • Murbach TS, Glávits R, Endres JR, Clewell AE, Hirka G, Vértesi A, Béres E, Pasics Szakonyiné I. A toxicological evaluation of a fulvic and humic acids preparation. Toxicol Rep. 2020 Sep 14;7:1242-1254. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.030. PMID: 32995299; PMCID: PMC7505752.

  • Vucskits AV, Hullár I, Bersényi A, Andrásofszky E, Kulcsár M, Szabó J. Effect of fulvic and humic acids on performance, immune response and thyroid function in rats. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2010 Dec;94(6):721-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01023.x. PMID: 21073632.

  • Winkler J, Ghosh S. Therapeutic Potential of Fulvic Acid in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Diabetes. J Diabetes Res. 2018 Sep 10;2018:5391014. doi: 10.1155/2018/5391014. PMID: 30276216; PMCID: PMC6151376.

  • Swat M, Rybicka I, Gliszczyńska-Świgło A. Characterization of Fulvic Acid Beverages by Mineral Profile and Antioxidant Capacity. Foods. 2019 Nov 22;8(12):605. doi: 10.3390/foods8120605. PMID: 31766604; PMCID: PMC6963745.

  • Gong G, Xu L, Zhang Y, Liu W, Wang M, Zhao Y, Yuan X, Li Y. Extraction of Fulvic Acid from Lignite and Characterization of Its Functional Groups. ACS Omega. 2020 Nov;5(43) 27953-27961. doi:10.1021/acsomega.0c03388. PMID: 33163778; PMCID: PMC7643152.

  • Schepetkin IA, Xie G, Jutila MA, Quinn MT. Complement-fixing activity of fulvic acid from Shilajit and other natural sources. Phytotherapy Research : PTR. 2009 Mar;23(3):373-384. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2635. PMID: 19107845; PMCID: PMC2650748.

  • Felbeck, G.T (1971). Chemical and biological characterization of humic matter. In: Soil Biochemistry, Vol. 2, eds. Mc Larem, A.D. and Skujins, J., Dekker, New York, N.Y., PP. 36-39.

  • Schnitzer, M. (1978). Humic substances: Chemistry and Organic Matter, eds. Schnitzer, M. and Khan, S.U., Elsevier, New York, PP. 1-56.

  • Stevenson, E.J. (1985). In: Humic Substances in Soil Sediment and Water, ed. Aiken, G.R., Wiley Interscience, N.Y. PP. 13-52.

  • Tolpa. S. (1982). Tolpa Torf Preparation, ed. Danysz, A., Wroclaw, Poland, PP. 1-28.

  • Varadachari, C. and Ghosh, K. (1984). On humus formation – Plant and Soil, 77, 305-313.

  • Kononova, M.M. (1966). Soil Organic Matter – Factors in humus formation, ch.5, 2nd English edn., Pergamon Press, Oxford, PP. 229-256.

  • Gnananath K, Nataraj KS, Rao BG, Kumar KP, Mahnashi MH, Anwer MK, Umar A, Iqbal Z, Mirza MA: Exploration of fulvic acid as a functional excipient in line with the regulatory requirement. Environ Res. 2020 Aug;187 109642. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109642. PMID: 32445947.

  • Ghosal, S., Lata, S. and Kumar, Y. (1995c). Free radicals of shilajit humus. Indian J. Chem. 34B, 591-595.

  • Ghosal, S. (2000c). Disclosures Document No. 470301, Patent and Trade Mark Office, USA: Fusoms, an improved drug delivery system and product stabilizer.

  • Ghosal, S. (2002b). Delivery system of pharmaceutical, nutritional and cosmetic ingredients. US Patent (Pending), Serial No. 09/957, 797.

  • R. Khanna, M. Witt, M. Khalid Anwer, S. P. Agarwal, and B. P. Koch, “Spectroscopic characterization of fulvic acids extracted from the rock exudate shilajit,” Organic Geochemistry, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 1719–1724, 2008.

  • Schepetkin IA, Xie G, Jutila MA, Quinn MT: Complement-fixing activity of fulvic acid from Shilajit and other natural sources. Phytother Res. 2009 Mar;23(3) 373-384. doi:10.1002/ptr.2635. PMID: 19107845; PMCID: PMC2650748.

  • AGARWAL, SURAJ & Anwer, Md. Khalid & RAJESH, KHANNA & Asgar, Ali & Sultana, Yasmin (2010): Humic acid from Shilajit: A physico-chemical and spectroscopic characterization. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society. 75. 10.2298/JSC1000006A.

  • Ghosal S, Lal J, Ravi K, Yatendra K. Similarities in the core structure of shilajit and soil humus. Soil Biol Biochem 1993b; 25: 377–381.

18. Übersichtsarbeiten & Reviews

  • Agarwal SP, Khanna R, Karmarkar R, Anwer MK, Khar RK. Shilajit: a review. Phytother Res. 2007 May;21(5):401-5. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2100. PMID: 17295385.

  • Wilson E, Rajamanickam GV, Dubey GP, Klose P, Musial F, Saha FJ, Rampp T, Michalsen A, Dobos GJ. Review on shilajit used in traditional Indian medicine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jun 14;136(1):1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.033. Epub 2011 Apr 20. PMID: 21530631.

  • Acharya SB, Frotan MH, Goel RK, Tripathi SK, Das PK. Pharmacological actions of Shilajit. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 1988 Oct;26(10):775-777. PMID: 3248832.

  • Mohan S, Elhassan Taha MM, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Al Bratty M, Sultana S, Ahsan W, Najmi A, Khalid A. Bioactive Natural Antivirals: An Updated Review of the Available Plants and Isolated Molecules. Molecules. 2020 Oct;25(21). doi:10.3390/molecules25214878. PMID: 33105694; PMCID: PMC7659943.

  • Shahriari M, Zare F, Nimrouzi M. The Curative Role of Bitumen in Traditional Persian Medicine. Acta Med Hist Adriat. 2018 Dec;16(2):283-292. doi: 10.31952/amha.16.2.6. PMID: 30488706.

  • Ghosal, S.: Shilajit in Perspective. Narosa Publishing House 2006 New Delhi.

  • Tiwari, V.P., Tiwari, K.G. and Joshi, P. (1973). An interpretation on Ayurvedic findings on shilajit, J. Res. Indian Med. 8, 53-58.

  • Tajadini H, Moghaderi M, Mehrabani M, Ahmadinegad M. Mummy (Shilajit) In Traditional Persian Medicine. International Journal of Biotechnology and Research. 2017;8(2):1297–301.

  • Bucci LR. Selected herbals and human exercise performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000 Aug; 72(2 Suppl):624S-36S.

  • Schepetkin IA, Khlebnikov AI, Ah SY, Woo SB, Jeong CS, Klubachuk ON, Kwon BS. Characterization and biological activities of substances from mumie. 51(18):5245-54.

  • Acharya SB, Frotan MH, Goel RK, Tripathi SK, Das PK. Pharmacological actions of Shilajit. Indian J Exp Biol. 1988; 26: 775–777. / Sharma PV. In Darvyaguna Vijnan, 4th edn. Chaukkhamba Sanskrit Sansthan Varanasi. 1978; 63.

  • Ghosal S, Mukherjee B, Bhattacharya SK. Shilajit – A comparative study of the ancient and the modern scientific findings. Indian J Indig Med 1995c; 17: 1–10.

19. Sonstige wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen

  • Stavropoulos K, Sotiriadis A, Patoulias D, Imprialos K, Dampali R, Athyros V, Dinas K. Pseudohyperaldosteronism due to mumijo consumption during pregnancy: a licorice-like syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2018 Dec;34(12):1019-1021. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1480713. Epub 2018 Jun 22. PMID: 29933704.

  • Abbasi N, Azizpour Y, Azizi M, Karimi E, Aidy A, Asadollahi K. The effects of mumie extract on cell proliferation and enzyme expression of human osteoblast-like cells (MG63). J Stem Cells Regen Med. 2019 Dec 24;15(2):18-23. doi: 10.46582/jsrm.1502006. PMID: 31983854; PMCID: PMC6971378.

  • Zhernov YV, Konstantinov AI, Zherebker A, Nikolaev E, Orlov A, Savinykh MI, Kornilaeva GV, Karamov EV, Perminova IV. Antiviral activity of natural humic substances and shilajit materials against HIV-1: Relation to structure. Environ Res. 2020 Oct 110312. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.110312. PMID: 33065073; PMCID: PMC7554000.

  • Taghavi H, Soleimani Rad J, Mehdipour A, Ferdosi Khosroshahi A, Kheirjou R, Hasanpour M, Roshangar L. Effect of Mineral Pitch on the Proliferation of Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells on Acellular Scaffold. Adv Pharm Bull. 2020 Sep;10(4) 623-629. doi:10.34172/apb.2020.075. PMID: 33072541; PMCID: PMC7539320.

  • Bhattacharya, S.K. (1995). Shilajit attenuates streptozotocin induced Diabetes mellitus and decrease in pancreatic islet superoxide dismutase activity in rats. Phytother. Res. 9, 41-44.

  • Bhattacharya, S.K, Glover, V., Mcintyre, I., Oxenkrug, G. and Sandler, M. (1988). Stress causes an increase in endogenous monoamine oxidase inhibitor (tribulin = isatin) in rat brain. Neuro Sci. Lett. 92, 218-221.

  • Ghosal, S. (1997). Ayurvedic maharasas, the repository of primordial organic chemistry. J. Indian Chem. Soc. 74, 930-936.

  • Ghosal, S. (1998). Standardization of phyto- and herbo-mineral medicines. Proceedings of National Symp. on Proprietary and Patented Ayurvedic Medicines, Science City Calcutta, P.22-28.

  • Ghosal, S. (2002c). Herbo-mineral compositions from shilajit. US Patent pending. Sr. No.10/128, 832.

  • Ghosal S. Herbo-Mineral compositions. 2002a; US Patent application No. 20030198695.

  • Kanikkannan, N., Ramarao, P. and Ghosal, S. (1995). Shiljait-induced potentiation of the hypoglycaemic action of insulin and inhibition of streptozotocin induced diabetes in rats. Phytother Res. 9, 478-481.

  • Gyawali D, Schneider R, Orme‐Johnson D, Ramaratnam S. Ayurvedic herbal preparations for hypercholesterolaemia. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 Jan;2019(3). PMCID: PMC6417910.

  • Velmurugan C, Vivek B, Wilson E, Bharathi T, Sundaram T. Evaluation of safety profile of black shilajit after 91 days repeated administration in rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2012 Mar;2(3):210-214. DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60043-4. PMID: 23569899; PMCID: PMC3609271.

  • Kiren Y, Nugroho AE, Hirasawa Y, et al. Mumic acids A-E: new diterpenoids from mumiyo. Journal of Natural Medicines. 2014 Jan;68(1):199-205. DOI: 10.1007/s11418-013-0771-2. PMID: 23609027; PMCID: PMC4353885.

  • Gnananath K, Nataraj KS, Rao BG, et al. Exploration of fulvic acid as a functional excipient in line with the regulatory requirement. Environmental Research. 2020 Aug;187:109642. DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109642. PMID: 32445947.

  • V. Vucskits, I. Hullár, A. Bersényi, E. Andrásofszky, M. Kulcsár, and J. Szabó, “Effect of fulvic and humic acids on performance, immune response and thyroid function in rats,” Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, vol. 94, no. 6, pp. 721–728, 2010.

  • R. B. Saper, R. S. Phillips, A. Sehgal et al., “Lead, mercury, and arsenic in US- and Indian-manufactured Ayurvedic medicines sold via the internet,” Journal of the American Medical Association, vol. 300, no. 8, pp. 915–923, 2008.

  • S. N. Kales and R. B. Saper, “Ayurvedic lead poisoning: an under-recognized, international problem,” Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 63, no. 9, pp. 379–381, 2009.

  • S. Singh, K. K. Mukherjee, K. D. Gill, and S. J. S. Flora, “Lead-induced peripheral neuropathy following ayurvedic medication,” Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 63, no. 9, pp. 408–410, 2009.

  • Kong YC, Butt PPH, Ng KH, Cheng KF, Camble RC, Malla SB. Chemical studies on a Nepalese panacea; Shilajit. Int J Crude Drug Res 1987; 25: 179–187.

  • Rudnev MI, Maliuk VI, Stechenko LA, Maliuk VI, Fisun OI, Kuftyreva TP, Andreenko TV. Elektronno-mikroskopicheskiĭ analiz stimuliruiushchego i toksicheskogo éffektov mumiesoderzhashchikh preparatov [An electron microscopic analysis of the stimulating and toxic effects of mumie-containing preparations]. Lik Sprava. 1993 Oct-Dec;(10-12):63-4. Russian. PMID: 8030311.

  • Das A, S El Masry M, Gnyawali SC, Ghatak S, Singh K, Stewart R, Lewis M, Saha A, Gordillo G, Khanna S. Skin Transcriptome of Middle-Aged Women Supplemented With Natural Herbo-mineral Shilajit Shows Induction of Microvascular and Extracellular Matrix Mechanisms. J Am Coll Nutr. 2019 Aug;38(6):526-536. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1564088. Epub 2019 Jun 4. PMID: 31161927; PMCID: PMC7027386.

  • Stohs SJ. Safety and efficacy of shilajit (mumie, moomiyo). Phytother Res. 2014 Apr;28(4):475-9. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5018. Epub 2013 Jun 3. PMID: 23733436.

  • Losa F, Deidda M, Firinu D, Martino MLD, Barca MP, Giacco SD. Exercise-induced anaphylaxis with an Ayurvedic drug as cofactor: A case report. World J Clin Cases. 2019 Mar;7(5) 623-627. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v7.i5.623. PMID: 30863761; PMCID: PMC6406205.

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